Language Hack

Vietnamese and Khmer are the two well-known languages in the Mon-Khmer language group which is most of the Austro-Asiatic language family, the only national languages in the family. Languages in this family are mostly in Southeast Asia but are also found in India and Bangladesh. The map of the haplogroup O2b-M9 may explain why and that the people who spoke these languages originated in South Asia.

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This chart from Paul Sidwell shows how closely related any Austro-Asiatic language is from another. It shows that Vietnamese is pretty far from all other Mon-Khmer languages except those in the Viet-Muong group such as Muong, Ruc, Sach, Thavung. It’s quite different from Khmer, even though there is a relation.

When we look at the numbers in these languages, we can see that there is still some connection. The table below from www.zompist.com lists numbers in Austro-Asiatic languages. Actually, the numbers for Vietnamese are not exactly correct — see #5.

Can you see the similarities between Vietnamese (not Sino-Vietnamese) and Khmer numerals one through five? Can you guess what the original Proto-Mon-Khmer numerals were?

Austro-Asiatic

Mon-Khmer
Bugan	bo 55	bio 31	mtse 31	pau 33	mi 33	pio 33	pou 31	sã 33	s;i 33	mã 31
North
Viet-Muong
Sino-Viet.	nhâ’t	nhi	tam	tú’	ngu~	luc	thâ’t	bát	cu\|‘u	thâp
Proto-Viet-Muong+	*moc	*hal	*pa	*pon	*?dâm	*khâw	*pây	*t’am	*cin	*mï^el
Vietnamese	môt	hai	ba	bô’n	nâm	sáu	ba\|y	tám	chín	mu’ò’i
Saigon	mok.	hay	ba	bóng	nâm	s,áw	bây	tám	cín	mï`y
Muong	môc⁵	hal²	ba²	bôn³	tam²	khaw³	baj⁴	sam³	cin³	mu’o'l¹
May (Ruc, Chut)	moⁱc	hal	pa	pón	dâm	ráw	pa,^{^},.)y	t^hám	cín	mi^èy
Thavung (Aheu)	muut	haal	paa	póon	dam	phalu?	pih	sáam	cíin	sip
Tay Pong (Hung)	motj	hal?	pa	pôn	dhâm	prâu	pal	sam	chin	mal’
Arem	mutj	hel’	pe	puôn	dhâm	prau	po’	tha\|m	chín	mu’o'i
Khasi
Khasi	wey	?aar	laay	saaw	san	hnriw	hnñew	phra	khndaaw	khat
Amwi	mi	o	la	siá	san	thrau	ynthla	humphyo	hunshia	shipho
Palaungic
East
Palaung	u:	^e:r	u-a:i	p’o:n	p’an	to:r	pu:r	ta:	t’i:m	kö:r
Rumai	hle	a²	oé²	p’Un²	p’an²	to²	pu²	ta²	tiim²	ky²
Danau	a	àn	wi	po:n	tho	tun	pei-ut	tsìm	tsen	mà-kyen
Riang	håk	ka:r	kwai	k`pwon	ka:u	twàl	pul	pretà	tim	s’kàll
West
Lamet	mus	ar	lohe	pun	pan	tal	pul	ta	tim	kel
Khamet	muei	la-a	la-oi	pôn	pan	tol	pool	toh	teem	kel
Plang (Kontoi)	k^eti?²	la?al¹	la?oy²	l^epun¹	l^ep^hon¹	leh²	h^ereh¹	s^eti?¹	s^etem¹
Tai-loi	ka-ti	là-òl	là-oi	pun	pàn
Kem Degne	té	la	loye	póne	hone	lè	halè	leti	setine	koul
Wa	tä	ra:	loi	bun	puån	lich	a:lich	sìtä’	sha:tim	kau
Lawa	teh	la-a	la-oei	pa-erng	puan	laeh	a-laeh	staik	staing	kua
La (Vo)	t’ie	ra	loi	pon	p’wan	lie	a-lie	tai	tim	kow
Phalok (Parauk)	ti	a:	o\|i	bon	pün	li	ali	di	dim	ko\|
Son	te:	à	oi	wun	pu-on	lu-à	à-lu-à	dai	dim	kau
En	tai	rà	loi	pun	pàn	liâ	à-li-erh	pin-dai	dim	ko
A Mok	mo	a:	we:	pun	s`en	tàll	n`pwi	n’tà	n’tum	n’kyu
P’uman	yi	erh	san	p’un	sa	t’ao	p’ua	t’a	t’i	ch’ao
Pou Ma	leun	song	sam	si	ha	hok	tiet	piet	kao	sip
Hu	?amò	ka?à	ka?òy	?aphòn	pathán
Khmuic
Khmu’	mò:j	pà:r	pé?	pú^en	há:	hók	cét	pét	káw	síp
Mal	meie-lae	piar	paeh	pôn	piatee	piapaeh	jed	piapon	kao	maehlach
Puôc	môt	biêl	pe	pôn
Mrabri	damoi	baer	paeh	pôn	terng	tán	kool	teeh	gas	gul
Yumbri	(neremoy)	(nakobe)
East
Katuic
So	muai	ba:	bai	pon	so’ng	tapet	tapu:n	tako:n	take	machhit
Bru	muoi	bar	pái	poun	sau’ng	tapoât	tapul	takual	takêh	muoi chít
Van Kieu	muôi	bar	pâi	pôn	so’n	tapât	tapu:l	takuôl	takê:	macu’:t
Suei	moi	bar	pa:y	pon	so’n	tapat	tapol	tagol	tagè	mui jit
Na Nhyang	muei	bar	pei	puo:n	chung	thpak	thpol	thkol	thke	muchit
Kuy	mu:j	bi:a	paj	po:n	su:ng	th^epha:t	th^epho:l	th^ekhual	th^ekheh	ncut
Tareng	moi	bar	bè	puan	son	pat	po:l	ko:l	khiè	michet
Pacoh	môi	bar	pe	poan	xông	tapát	tapôl	tacol	takih	muchít
Katu	mij	?b^e:r	pe	puon	su:ng	s^epat	t^epal	t^eka:l	t^ekieh	m^eghet
Kantu	moi	bar	be:	puan	son	tapat	tapol	tako:l	takhie	michet
Ong	móoy	báar	pæ’æ	púan		tpat
Ngeq	mo’yq	baar	pe	puo’n	so’o'ng	tapu’at	tapôôl	takool	takieh	mo’chit
Khmer
Old Khmer+	muu^ej	Bii^er	pii	puu^en	pram	pram muu^ej	prem Bii^er	pr^em pii	pr^em puu^en	tap
Khmer	múu^ej	piir	b^è^ej	bùu^en	pram	pram múu^ej	pram py’l	pram b^è^ej	pram bùu^en	dap
Bahnaric
South
Stieng	muôi	baar	pê	puôn	pram	prau	poh	phaam	sên	jo’mo’t
Chrau	muôi	var	pe	puôn	prâm	prau	pôh	pham	su’n	mât
Biat	mwoj	bar	pee	pu^en	pram	praw	poh	pham	cin	jit
Ko’ho	dul	bar	pe	poan	prâm	pro	poh	pham	su’n	jô’t
Sre	dùl	bàr	pe	pwan	pram	praw	poh	phàm	sin	jet
E Mnong	ju	bar	pây	puân	prâm	prâw	poh	pham	sîn	mât
C Mnong	ngwây	bar	pe	pwân	prâm	prâw	po’h	pham	sîn	jô’t
West
Loven	muai	bur^	pae	puan	sang	tr^ao	poh	thaam	chiin	chet
Lave	mui	bar^	pae	puan	sing	tr^ao	poh	thaam	chen	chit
Sapuan	muuj	baar	pee	puan	s^e^eng	traw	pah	thaam	cin	jit
Cheng	muuj	baar	pee	pan	s^e^eng	caw	pah	thaam	cin	cit
Suq (Sou)	muuj	baar	pee	poon	s^e^eng	traw	puh	thaam	cin	cit
Nyahöñ	muei	ban	pê	puon	so’ng	trôu	pah	tham	chin	chit
Oi	mui	bar^	pae	puan	sing	tr^ao	pah	thaam	chin	chit
Brao	mui	baar	pê	puon	chhéng	trau	pos	tham	cheu	chet
Krung 2	muuj	baar	pee	puan	ch^e^eng	traw	pah	thaam	ceen	cit
Lavi	mooj	piar	pee	poon	syyng	traw	pyh	thaam	ciin	cet
Central
Bahnar	miñ	bar²	pêng³	puan	bo’dam	to’drou	to’po’h	to’hngam¹	to’sin	po’jit
Alak	moei	bar	pei	po:n	dâm	tahrâu	poh	ham	chin	jit
Tampuan	maoñ		paeng	pwan	p^etam	trao	timpaoh	tinghaam	ñchin	tsit
North
Cua	mui	bar	pe	pon	po’qdam	ko’drôu	kapoh	tho’m	sin	ku’l
Rengao	môi’	bâr²	pê’³	pôn²	bo’dam	to’drô	to’po’ih	to’hngam¹	to’chin	bo’jo’t
Jeh	muih	bal	pei	puan	po’dâm	to’drau	to’pèh	to’ham	to’chin	jãt
Halang	moi	bat	pe	puan	dam	tarau	tape	pham	chin	ajiat
Sedang	moi	péa	pái	pún	p^etám	t^edróu	t^epah	t^ehéam	tochen	moi chat
Hrê	mo:yq	bayq	piq	pun	padam	tadràw	tapèh	nahim	hachìn	hajàt
Didra (Todrah)	muèyq	bia	pi	pu^dn	pada^bm	dadrue	tapê`yh	nihiam	tachì^dn	j^èt
Modra	muê`y	bar	pi	pu^dn	padâp	taⁿdru	tapèyh	tahim	tachìt	jâ`t
Pearic
Pear	mo:y	pa:	phe:k	pho:n	phram	k^edo:ng	k^enu:l	k^eti:	k^ensa:	k^enga:y
Bolyu	ma:i 31	mbi 55	pa:i 55	pu:n 53	me 31	pju 53	pei 55	sa:m 53	s;^en 53	ma:n 13
Samre	mooy	paar	phee	phoon	pram	kadang	kanuul	kentey	kensaor	raay
Chong	moj	bar	pe?	poon	pram	kadoong	kaanuul	kaatii	kaasaal	rai
South
Monic
Old Mon+	moy	?bar	pi?	pon	msun	t^erow	d^empoh	d^encam	d^encit	cos
Mon	mòa	?ba	po^e?	pon	p^eson	k^erao	h^epoh	h^ecam	h^ecit	choh
Nyah Kur	mùay	baar	pii?	pan	chuun	traw	mpoh	ñcaam	ñciit	cas
Aslian
Semang
Che’ Wong	nôi	bêi	pet	pôn	limeh	nem
Kensiu	nay	duwa?	tiga?			ñam
Kenta’ Bong	nay	bye
Mos	nai	komam	fobieh	awah	uibem	mampoh
Jehai	ney	dwa?	tiga?	impat	(lima)
Menriq	nay	d^ewa?	tiga?
Bateg Deh	ney		tiga?
Bateg Nong	nay	duwa?	tiga?
Mintil	sa?	pusing	tiga?
Senoic
Semai	nano	na:r	ni	ampa:t	lima:	anam	tudju
Temiar	né	nál	nè	ampat	lima	anam	tujuh	lapan	sambilan	né-puloh
Lanoh	niy	na:y	tiga:?
Sabum	niy	ciwel	tiga?
Semnam	ni:h	?ilwol	tiga?
Jah Hut	nwey	nar	tiga:?
Southern
Mah Meri (Besisi)	muy	hma	hmpe?	‘mpât	lîmâk	nam	tujoh	d’lapan	sambilan	sapuloh
Semaq Beri	muy	hma	hmpe?	hmpon	m^esong	pru?	t^empoh	gênting	gêntik	mogênor
Semelai	muy	na:r	hmpe?	hmpon	m^esong	pru?	t^empoh	kitwit	kantim	kumai
Temoq	moi	duaq	mpeq	mpon	mêsong	têpêru	têmpoh	lapan	sêmbilan	mên gênau
Nicobar Is.
Nicobarese	heng	ne:t	lu:i	fe:n	tanwi	tafu:l	sat	hewh^ere	macuht^ere	sam
Nancowry	heang	a	lue	fuan	tanei	lue tafuel	ishat	nfoan	heanghata	shaum
Shompen	heng	au	lu:ge	fu:at	taing	lagau	aing	towe:	lung.i	te.ya
Car	héng	né.t	lú.y	fé.n	taníy	tafú.l	sát	hévh^er~e	macúht^er~e	sí.n
Munda
Mundari	mid	baria	apia	upunia	monrea	turuia	ea	írilia	area	gelea
Bhumij	moyon	baria	apia	upunia	monea	turia	satta	aitta	nota	dosta
Ho	miad	báriá	apeá	upuniá	moiá	turuiá	aeá	iriliá	areá	geleá
Korwa	mi	ba:ri-ta:ng	pe:i-ta:ng	cha:r	pa:ñch	chha	sa:t	a:th	nau	das
Birhor	mia	barea	pea	punia	panch	chhai	sat	a:t	la:	dâ:s
Asuri	mi:at’	baria:	pe:a:	upnia:	moyã:	turia:	aiya:	irli:ya:	area:	gelea:
Santali	mit	bar	pe	pon	more	turui	eae	iral	are	gel
Turi	miad’	baria	pea	punia	miad’ ti	miad’ ti miad’	miad’ ti baria	miad’ ti pea	miad’ ti punia	baran ti
Kurku	mi:a:	ba:ri:	a:pai	upu:n	mono	turu:i:	e:	ila:r	a:re:	gel
Kharia	moi	baria	upe	ipon	moloi	tiburu	gul	t`am	tomsing	gol
Juang	munto	bato	egota	gandami	pa:ñch	chhao	sa:ta	a:tha	nao	daso
Gorum (Parenga)	boj	bag	yag	ungi	monloy	turgi	gul-gi	gal-gi	gal-gab	al-gab
Sora (Savara)	^eboy	bagu	yagi	unji	monloy	tudru	gulji	tamji	tinji	g^elji
Gutob (Gadaba)	mui-ro:	ba:r-ju:	ig-ro:	uun-ro:	manle:i	tir	guligi	ba:gu punza	ba:gu punza bo:yi	galigi
Remo (Bondo)	mui	‘mba:r	ingi:n	o:ñ	molloi	t?i:ri	gu:	tUma:p	som-tin	go’
Gta’	m-mwing	m-bar	n-ji	õ	malwe	tur	gu	tma	sõting	gwa

Austro-Asiatic Numbers

Austro-Asiatic

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